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Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran
Try out PMC Labs and tell us vehicle pollution essay you think. Learn More. Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, vehicle pollution essay, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment.
It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer.
Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor vehicle pollution essay quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly vehicle pollution essay to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight.
In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health.
We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran. Air pollution is a major problem of recent decades, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment.
The sources of pollution vary from small unit of cigarettes and natural sources such as volcanic activities to large volume of emission from motor engines of automobiles and industrial activities. Air pollution has now emerged in developing countries as a result of industrial activities and also increase the quantity of emission sources such as inappropriate vehicles. Ahvaz is the most air polluted city in the world with microdust blowing in from neighboring countries, and particulate levels three times that of Beijing, and nearly 13 times that of London.
The present article is neither a systematic review nor a descriptive, educational study. It is a problem-based descriptive review in which the authors try to explain a problem which is the major health and ecological problem in developing countries like Iran.
In this review, we have tried to summarize the toxicology of air pollutants and related diseases with a possible mechanism of action and appropriate management of the patients, vehicle pollution essay. Therefore, it shall be useful for the environmental and health professionals particularly policy makers, emergency physicians, vehicle pollution essay, and other clinicians who may be involved in air pollution and related diseases.
In this paper, we also discuss sources of air pollution and proposed some feasible solutions which may be beneficial for the environmental legislators and decision makers. It is made up of many kinds of pollutants including materials in solid, liquid, and gas phases. The Pollutant Standard Index PSI is a numerical value and indicator of pollutants that is normally used to facilitate risk assessment.
It is a numeric value between zero to According to Johnson et al. It provides a number from healthy standard level of zero to a very hazardous level of above to indicate the level of health risk associated with air quality. Based on PSI, air quality is classified into six major indices, which vehicle pollution essay marked by color codes and each color corresponds to a different level of health concerns.
Principally, green is defined as a color indicator for healthy air quality; while yellow, orange, vehicle pollution essay, red, purple, and maroon colors indicate as moderate, unhealthy for sensitive groups, unhealthy, very unhealthy, and hazardous air quality, respectively.
These ranges and codes may differ in the different methods of classifications in different countries. Effects of air pollutants on living organism will not only be limited to the human and animal health but also include the whole environment.
Different geographical conditions, global climate changes, and the environmental variations affect the human health and the environment including the animal life. Ecologically, vehicle pollution essay pollution can cause serious environmental damages to the groundwater, soil, and air.
Studies on the relationship between air pollution and reducing species diversity clearly show the detrimental effects of environmental contaminants on the extinction of animals and plants species. Every material in the air which could affect human health or have a profound impact on the environment is defined as air pollutants, vehicle pollution essay. According to the World Health Organization WHOparticle pollution, ground-level O 3CO, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead Pb are the six major air pollutants which harm human health and also the ecosystem.
There are many pollutants of suspended materials such as dust, fumes, smokes, mists, gaseous pollutants, hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds VOCspolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHsand halogen derivatives in the air which at the high concentrations cause vulnerability to many diseases including different types of cancers.
Particle pollutants are major parts of air pollutants, vehicle pollution essay. In a simple definition, vehicle pollution essay, they are a mixture of particles found in the air. Particle pollution which is more known as PM is linked with most of pulmonary and cardiac-associated morbidity and mortality. The size of particle pollutants is directly associated with the onset and progression of the lungs and heart diseases. Particles of smaller size reach the lower respiratory tract and thus have greater potential for causing the lungs and heart diseases, vehicle pollution essay.
Depending on the level of exposure, particulate pollutants may cause mild to severe illnesses. Wheezing, cough, dry mouth, and limitation in activities due to breathing problems are the most prevalent clinical symptoms of respiratory disease resulted from air pollution. Long-term exposure to current ambient PM concentrations may lead to a marked reduction in life expectancy. The increase of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality are the main reasons for the reduction in life expectancy.
Reduced lung functions in children and adults leading to asthmatic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD are also serious diseases which induce lower quality of life and reduced life expectancy. Strong evidence on the effect of long-term exposure to PM on cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary mortality come from cohort studies. O 3 with the chemical formula of O 3 is a colorless gas which is the major constituent of the atmosphere.
It is found both at the ground level and in the upper regions of the atmosphere which is called troposphere. GLO is believed to have a plausible association with increased risk of respiratory diseases, particularly asthma. As a powerful oxidant, O 3 accepts electrons from other molecules. There is a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the surface fluid lining of the respiratory tract and cell membranes that underlie the lining fluid.
The double bonds available in these fatty acids are unstable. O 3 attacks unpaired electron to form ozonides and progress through an unstable zwitterion or trioxolane depending on the presence of water.
These ultimately recombine or decompose to lipohydroperoxides, aldehydes, and hydrogen peroxide. These pathways are thought to initiate propagation of lipid radicals and auto-oxidation of cell membranes and macromolecules.
It also increases the risk of DNA damage in epidermal keratinocytes, which leads to impaired cellular function. O 3 induces a variety of vehicle pollution essay effects in humans and experimental animals at concentrations that occur in many urban areas. CO is a colorless and odorless gas, which is produced by fossil fuel, particularly when combustion is not appropriate, vehicle pollution essay, as in burning coal and wood.
The affinity of CO to hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier in the body is about times greater than that of oxygen. Depending on CO concentration and length of exposure, vehicle pollution essay, mild to severe poisoning may occur. Symptoms of CO poisoning may include headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and finally loss of consciousness. The symptoms are very similar to those of other illnesses, such as food poisoning or viral infections, vehicle pollution essay.
Hypoxia, apoptosis, and ischemia are known mechanisms of underlying CO toxicity. Thus, the reduction in ambient CO can reduce the risk of myocardial infarction in predisposed persons. SO 2 is a colorless, vehicle pollution essay, highly reactive gas, which is considered as an important air pollutant. It is mostly emitted from fossil fuel consumption, natural volcanic activities, and industrial processes.
SO 2 is very harmful vehicle pollution essay plant life, animal, and human health. People vehicle pollution essay lung disease, children, older people, and those who are more exposed to SO 2 are at higher risk of the skin and lung diseases. The major health concerns associated with exposure to high concentrations of SO 2 include respiratory irritation and dysfunction, and also aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease.
SO 2 is predominantly absorbed in the upper airways. As a vehicle pollution essay irritant, it can cause bronchospasm and mucus secretion in humans.
The penetration of SO 2 into the lungs is greater during mouth breathing compared to nose breathing. An increase in the airflow in deep, rapid breathing enhances penetration of the gas into the deeper lung. Therefore, people who exercise in the polluted air would inhale more SO 2 and are likely to suffer from greater irritation. When SO 2 deposits along the airway, it dissolves into surface lining fluid as sulfite or bisulfite and is easily distributed throughout the body.
It seems that the sulfite interacts with sensory receptors in the airways to cause local and centrally mediated bronchoconstriction. According to the Environmental Protection Agency EPA of the USA, the level of annual standard for SO 2 is 0. Due to its solubility in water, SO 2 is responsible for acid rain formation and acidification of soils.
SO 2 reduces the amount of oxygen in the water causing the death of marine species including both animals and plants. Exposure to SO 2 can cause damages to the eyes lacrimation and corneal opacitymucous membranes, the skin redness, and blistersand respiratory tracts. Bronchospasm, vehicle pollution essay, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, and acute airway obstruction are vehicle pollution essay most common clinical findings associated with exposure to SO 2.
Nitrogen oxides are important ambient air pollutants vehicle pollution essay may increase the risk of respiratory infections. They are deep lung irritants that can induce pulmonary edema if been inhaled at high levels.
They are generally less toxic than O 3 vehicle pollution essay, but NO 2 can pose clear vehicle pollution essay problems. Exposures at 2. Although these levels may be high, epidemiologic studies demonstrate effects of NO 2 on respiratory infection rates in children.
Coughing and vehicle pollution essay are the most common complication of nitrogen oxides toxicity, but the eyes, vehicle pollution essay, nose or throat irritations, headache, dyspnea, chest pain, diaphoresis, fever, bronchospasm, vehicle pollution essay, and pulmonary edema may also occur.
In another report, it is suggested that the level of nitrogen oxide between 0. Pb or plumb is a toxic heavy metal that is widely used in different industries. It is emitted from motor engines, vehicle pollution essay, particularly with those using petrol containing Pb tetraethyl. Smelters and battery plants, as well as irrigation water wells and wastewaters, are other emission sources of the Pb into the environment.
Because it is not readily excreted, Pb can also affect the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and the other organs. Pb absorption by the lungs depends on the particle size and concentration. Retained Pb absorption through alveoli is absorbed and induces toxicity, vehicle pollution essay.
Pb is a powerful neurotoxicant, vehicle pollution essay, especially for infants and children as the high-risk groups. Mental retardation, learning disabilities, impairment of memory, hyperactivity, and antisocial behaviors are of adverse effects of Pb in childhood. Pb exposure is often chronic, vehicle pollution essay obvious symptoms.
Pb may also replace calcium as a second messenger resulting in protein modification through various cellular processes including protein kinase activation or deactivation. Abdominal pain, vehicle pollution essay, aggression, constipation, headaches, irritability, loss of concentration and memory, reduced sensations, and sleep disorders are the most common symptoms of Pb poisoning.
Essay on pollution (the problem of pollution) in english
, time: 13:28Article on Pollution – Long and short articles for students
Jul 13, · Essay in English | List of Essay Writing Topics in English Students, here is the list of a massive collection of various kinds of essays in English. No matter where you are from, our list will assist you to the fullest with any kind of essay you need Essay on Pollution due to Urbanization: Essay on Pollution and its Effects: Essay on Pollution due to Festivals: Essay on Pollution Due to Firecrackers: Essay on Environment Protection: Essay on Environmental Pollution: Essay on Vehicle Pollution: Essay on Land Pollution: Essay on Environment and Development: Essay on Plastic Bag: Essay on Pollution Essay in English for students & children at blogger.com Being aware of pollution is quite mandatory for all the students these days. This is an easy, short & informative essay on Pollution for free only at blogger.com
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